Abstract Introduction: Several risk factors associated with weaning failure may be observed in septic patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Objective: To determine the risk factors associated with weaning failure in septic patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) in Cali, Colombia, between January 2014 and June 2018. Materials and methods: Case-control study conducted in 315 patients who required mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours and were distributed as follows: 105 cases (weaning failure) and 210 controls (successful weaning). Information about sociodemographic and clinical variables was obtained from their medical records. A bivariate analysis was performed to determine the association between each independent variable and weaning failure. A multivariate analysis was also carried out using a logistic regression model in which the variables with a p<0.20 in the bivariate analysis were entered. A significance level of p≤0.05 was considered. Results: Requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days (OR: 15.13; 95%CI: 8.25-27.74), having a high APACHE II score (mortality risk >50%) on ICU admission (OR: 3.16; 95%CI: 1.73-5.77), and having diuresis ≤0.5 mL/kg/h (OR: 1.87; 95%CI: 1.0-3.50) were significantly associated with weaning failure. Conclusions: Requiring mechanical ventilation for more than 7 days, having diuresis ≤0.5ml/kg/h, as well as a high APACHE ll score on ICU admission were risk factors associated with failed weaning from mechanical ventilation in this study; however, age, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and positive fluid balance were not significantly associated with it, despite being described as risk factors in the literature.

Resumen Introducción. En pacientes sépticos con requerimiento de ventilación mecánica invasiva pueden presentarse diferentes factores de riesgo de destete ventilatorio fallido. Objetivo. Determinar los factores de riesgo de destete ventilatorio fallido en pacientes sépticos admitidos a una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de Cali, Colombia, entre enero de 2014 y junio 2018 Materiales y métodos. Estudio de casos y controles realizado en 315 pacientes que requirieron ventilación mecánica por más de 48 horas distribuidos así: 105 casos (destete fallido) y 210 controles (destete exitoso). La información sobre variables sociodemográficas y clínicas se obtuvo a partir de la revisión de historias clínicas. Se realizó un análisis bivariado para determinar las asociaciones de cada variable independiente con el destete fallido y un análisis multivariado mediante un modelo de regresión logística en el que se ingresaron las variables que en el análisis bivariado tuvieron un valor p<0.20. Se consideró un nivel de significancia de p≤0.05. Resultados. Haber requerido ventilación mecánica por más de 7 días (OR: 15.13; IC95% 8.25-27.74), tener un puntaje APACHE II alto (riesgo de mortalidad >50%) al ingreso a UCI (OR: 3.16; 95%IC: 1.73-5.77) y tener diuresis ≤0.5 mL/kg/h (OR: 1.87; IC95% 1.0-3.50) se asociaron significativamente con el destete ventilatorio fallido. Conclusiones. En el presente estudio, el requerimiento de ventilación mecánica mayor a 7 días, la diuresis ≤0.5 mL/kg/h y un puntaje APACHE II alto al ingreso a UCI fueron factores de riesgo para destete ventilatorio fallido, pero no se observó asociación con la edad, el nitrógeno ureico en sangre, la creatinina y el balance de líquidos positivos, a pesar de que estos han sido descritos como factores de riesgo en la literatura.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe the current scientific knowledge and clinical experience in low-grade-non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (LG-NMIBC) patients in challenging scenarios. Materials and Methods: Medline, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central were searched until March 2021. Results: A total of 841 studies were identified, and abstracts were analyzed. Twenty-one relevant studies were then identified and reviewed. After all, information was gathered from 16 studies, the authors discussed the specific topics, and expert opinions were also included in the discussion. There have been some studies that can help us to have some insights on how to manage these patients. Very distinctive strategies have been reported in the literature, mainly anecdotally or in small randomized studies. Some of these treatments outlined in the present manuscript include repeated TURBTs, chemoablation, BCG immunoablation, partial cystectomy, radical cystectomy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and future perspectives. In the current manuscript, we have combined these strategies in a proposed algorithm. Conclusion: For those LG-NMIBC patients in challenging scenarios, we have found repeated TURBTs, chemoablation, BCG immunoablation, partial cystectomy, radical cystectomy, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are attractive modalities to treat them effectively. Also, the current manuscript proposes an algorithm to overcome these challenges.

ABSTRACT Introduction: It has been described that, at the medullary level, SARS-COV2 can compromise hematopoiesis, manifesting with cytopenias and there are only studies carried out in autopsies. Objective: to describe the morphological characteristics of the bone marrow of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia at the Hospital Nacional “Dos de Mayo”. Materials and methods: Retrospective cross-sectional observational study carried out in patients over 18 years of age with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 by rapid or molecular testing, and those with incomplete, illegible or missing medical history and / or bacterial or fungal pneumonia were excluded. The findings of the bone marrow readings were confirmed by a trained hematologist, collecting data such as: hemosiderin, cellularity, myelo / erythroid ratio, myeloid series, megakaryocytic and plasma cells. Descriptive statistics based on frequencies and percentages were used for qualitative variables and mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables. Results: A total of 30 patients were included. The most frequent marrow findings were: macrophages with cytophagocytosis in 87% (n = 26), hyperplasia with arrest in the maturation of myeloid progenitors in 70% (n = 21). 87% (n = 26) of the samples presented eosinophilia. No or little evidence of platelet formation was observed in 57% (n = 17) of the samples. In 40% (n= 12) 6% of plasma cells were found. Conclusion: Patients with SARS-COV2 infection present medullary alterations, among which are: cytophagocytosis with hyperplasia and maturation arrest in the myeloid series, little or no platelet production in megakaryocytes and eosinophilia.

RESUMEN Introducción: Se ha descrito que, a nivel medular, el SARS-COV2 puede comprometer la hematopoyesis, manifestándose con citopenias y solo se cuenta con estudios realizados en autopsias. Objetivo: Describir las características morfológicas de las médulas óseas de los pacientes hospitalizados por neumonía por COVID-19 en el Hospital Nacional “Dos de Mayo”. Materiales y métodos Estudio observacional transversal retrospectivo llevado a cabo en pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19 mediante prueba rápida o molecular y se excluyeron a aquellos con historia clínica incompleta, ilegible o extraviada y/o neumonía bacteriana o fúngica. Los hallazgos de las lecturas de las médulas óseas fueron confirmados por un hematólogo entrenado, recabándose datos como: Hemosiderina, celularidad, relación mielo/eritroide, serie mieloide, megacariocítica y células plasmáticas. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva basada en frecuencias y porcentajes para las variables cualitativas y media y desviación estándar para las variables cuantitativas. Resultados Se incluyeron a un total de 30 pacientes. Los hallazgos medulares más frecuentes fueron: macrófagos con citofagocitosis 87% (n=26), hiperplasia con detención en la maduración de los progenitores mieloides en el 70% (n=21). El 87% (n=26) de las muestras presentó eosinofilia. En el 57% (n=17) de las muestras se observó ninguna o poca evidencia de formación plaquetaria. En el 40% (n=12) se encontró 6% de células plasmáticas. Conclusión Los pacientes con infección por SARS-COV2, presentan alteraciones medulares entre los que destacan: la citofagocitosis con hiperplasia y detención de la maduración en la serie mieloide, poca o nula producción plaquetaria en los megacariocitos y eosinofilia.

Abstract: Background: There is a lack of evidence to support acyclovir administration in pityriasis rosea. Objective: To determine the efficacy of acyclovir in patients with typical pityriasis rosea. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies was performed in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE and others, from January 1990 to October 2016 on acyclovir for pityriasis rosea. Random effect model was used to find the pooled Risk Ratio. Outcomes, evaluated between weeks 1 to 8, were regression of lesions, cessation of lesions, decrease of symptoms and duration of disease. Comparisons were acyclovir vs. placebo; acyclovir vs. symptomatic treatment; acyclovir vs. antibiotic; acyclovir vs. observation and combined therapy (acyclovir plus symptomatic treatment) vs. symptomatic treatment alone. Results: Seven papers were analyzed with 324 participants, of which 159 received acyclovir and 165 were controls. Acyclovir was superior to placebo for complete regression of lesions at week 1 (Risk Ratio 5.72, CI95% 2.36-13.88). However, combined therapy was not superior to symptomatic treatment at week 4 (Risk Ratio 1.46, CI95% 0.93-2.29). Individual studies showed the superiority of acyclovir for the control of symptoms and pruritus. Study limitations: We faced differences designs of trials and inconsistency between reports. Conclusion: Symptomatic treatment is a reasonable option for pityriasis rosea, and the addition of acyclovir is justified for the control of symptoms and pruritus.